Numbers of Planned Shopping Centers
The proliferation of planned shopping centers in the United States has largely occurred since about 1950. Numbers, when graphed, assume the shape of an "s-shaped" curve. This is the characteristic shape of curves that represent a phenomenon that has diffused.
A paper available here describes the origins of the planned shopping center in America, and some of the spatial forms that such centers have taken.
In smaller numbers, planned shopping centers go back many years. Similarly, factories have had outlet stores for many years. A second paper, also available here, describes a relatively new type of planned shopping center: the factory outlet mall.
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